Agotamiento emocional y factores ocupacionales en enfermeras ecuatorianas durante la pandemia de covid-19: una revisión sistemática
Emotional exhaustion and occupational factors in ecuadorian nurses during the covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review
Resumen
El agotamiento emocional, fenómeno ocupacional que ocurre cuando el estrés laboral no se ha manejado con éxito, siendo las enfermeras, los profesionales con niveles más altos de agotamiento debido al trabajo emocionalmente agotador y al contacto prolongado con los pacientes. Objetivo: Examinar el agotamiento emocional y factores ocupacionales en enfermeras ecuatorianas durante la pandemia COVID-19. Metodología: se empleó un enfoque cualitativo, documental e inductivo. Se utilizaron bases de datos: Pubmed, SciELO, Dialnet, Redalyc del 1 enero 2020 al 31 enero 2023, incluida la base de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Una vez identificados los artículos y eliminados los duplicados, se realizó un proceso de (pre)selección, elección y análisis, en cuatro fases, siguiendo la normativa PRISMA. Tomando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: diez estudios, 768 enfermeras, con prevalencia global del síndrome de 10% hasta 94.52%; el agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal presentaron niveles bajo, medio y alto. Los factores asociados a agotamiento fueron: mujeres, edad 31 a 40 años, divorciadas, miedo a contagiarse, falta de equipos de protección, ausencia de vacunas, función desempeñada, guardias, contacto directo con pacientes, antigüedad laboral, contratado y servidor público. Conclusión: Las enfermeras ecuatorianas han experimentado niveles moderados a severos de agotamiento durante la pandemia de COVID-19, por ello es necesario contar con herramientas emocionales y personal para enfrentar situaciones demandantes como las vividas, la identificación, manejo de factores demográficos y laborales que contribuyen al agotamiento mejorará la capacidad de respuesta de las enfermeras y los sistemas de salud ante futuras emergencias sanitarias.
ABSTRACT:
Emotional exhaustion, occupational phenomenon that occurs when work stress has not been successfully managed, with nurses being the professionals with the highest levels of Burnout due to emotionally exhausting work and prolonged contact with patients. Objective: To examine emotional exhaustion and occupational factors in Ecuadorian nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methodology: a qualitative, documentary and inductive approach was used. Databases were used: Pubmed, SciELO, Dialnet, Redalyc from 1 January 2020 to 31 January 2023, including the World Health Organization (WHO) database. Once the articles were identified and the duplicates eliminated, a process of (pre)selection, selection and analysis was carried out in four phases, following the PRISMA regulations. Taking the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: ten studies, 768 nurses, with overall prevalence of the syndrome from 10% to 94.52%; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal fulfillment presented low, medium and high levels. The factors associated with exhaustion were: women, age 31 to 40 years, divorced, fear of infection, lack of protective equipment, absence of vaccines, function performed, guards, direct contact with patients, seniority, contract and public servant. Conclusion: Ecuadorian nurses have experienced moderate to severe levels of exhaustion during the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is necessary to have emotional and personal tools to face demanding situations such as those experienced, the identification, management of demographic and labor factors that contribute to Burnout will improve the response capacity of nurses and health systems to future health emergencies.
DOI:
Palabras clave
Referencias
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